Strict rules about ownership of American XL bully dogs are in force in England, Wales and Scotland. They will be introduced in Northern Ireland later in 2024.

However, there have been a number of attacks involving the dogs, some fatal, since the laws were put in place.

An XL bully is the largest kind of American bully dog.

The UK government published guidance to help identify XL bullies,, external which are not recognised as a specific breed.

They are described as large dogs “with a muscular body and blocky head, suggesting great strength and power for [their] size”.

Male XL dogs stand from 20in (51cm) high at the shoulder, with female XLs only slightly smaller.

Dogs are considered XLs if they meet the minimum height and a substantial number of other characteristics.

When it announced the XL bully ban in England and Wales in late 2023, the government said 23 deaths had been caused by dog attacks since the start of 2021.

It said XL bullies had been “disproportionately involved”.

NHS consultant Richard Baker said their powerful jaws inflict more damaging wounds than those of other breeds, resulting in broken bones, shredded skin and damaged nerves.

“It’s a crushing or a tearing injury,” he said. “Once they grip, they don’t let go.”

In several cases, XL bullies are known to have killed their owners, including a woman in her 50s in London in May.

Other people killed by XL bullies include 68-year-old Esther Martin, 54-year-old Ian Langley, 52-year-old Ian Price, 65-year-old Ann Dunn, 17-month-old Bella-Rae Birch and 10-year-old Jack Lis.

However, there are no official statistics on the number of attacks by individual dog breeds.

The BBC sent Freedom of Information requests to every local police force in England and Wales.

The responses showed that in 2023, police recorded 30,539 offences of an out-of-control dog causing injury to a person or guide dog – a 21% increase on 2022.

According to the latest data from the Ministry of Justice,, external 695 people were prosecuted in 2023 for allowing a dog to injure another person in England and Wales. There were 570 convictions.

Ownership of American bully XL dogs is restricted under the Dangerous Dogs Act 1991.

Since 31 December 2023, it has been against the law to sell, give away, abandon or breed from an XL bully., external

Since 1 February 2024, it has been a criminal offence to own an XL bully without an exemption certificate.

The government said it received 61,000 exemption applications before the deadline.

Police can seize unregistered prohibited dogs, and their owners face a criminal record and unlimited fine.

Owners who applied for an exemption have to buy insurance, microchip their dog and pay a £92.40 fee per animal.

Registered dogs must be housed securely, and kept on a lead and muzzled in public – but not at home.

Older dogs must also be neutered by 30 June, or by the end of 2024 for dogs under the age of one.

Owners in England and Wales can no longer apply to exempt an XL bully.

Anyone choosing not to keep their XL bully had to take it to a registered vet to be euthanised by 31 January 2024.

As at 22 April 2024, the government said it had received 400 valid euthanasia compensation claims, and had processed 395, at a cost of £76,500.

Since 23 February, American XL bullies have to be muzzled and kept on a lead in public in Scotland.

It is illegal to abandon, rehome, sell, buy, or transfer ownership of an XL bully.

Anyone who breaks the rules risks up to six months in prison and/or a fine of up to £5,000.

Owners who wish to keep their dogs have to apply for an exemption by 31 July 2024.

Details of how to register a dog will be released ahead of the deadline.

The requirements for exempt XL bully owners in Scotland are expected to mirror those in England and Wales.

People who wish to keep an XL bully will have to register their dog.

Owners will be subject to many of the restrictions in place in the rest of the UK:

It is not clear when the new requirements will take effect, but it is thought that the legislation could be introduced in the summer or early autumn.

Breed-specific bans do not work and are unfair on responsible dog owners and their pets, according to the Dog Control Coalition.

The body includes Battersea Dogs and Cats Home, the Dogs Trust, the Kennel Club, the RSPCA and the British Veterinary Association.

The group wants a complete overhaul of the Dangerous Dogs Act,, external including tougher penalties for owners who fail to control their dogs.

Four other breeds are banned in the UK under the Dangerous Dogs Act 1991, external:

Incident Room: XL Bully Ban, What Next?

BBC reporter Jordan Davies asks experts why the ban on the American XL bully dog is controversial and what impact it is likely to have.

Watch now on BBC iPlayer (UK Only)