The exams watchdog says it will fine the NCFE exams board £300,000 over “major failings” with the papers sat by health and science T-level students in 2022.

Ofqual said it had had to take “unprecedented” action that year by making the awarding body recalculate 1,200 students’ results.

More than 700 of those students had had their grades amended as a result.

NCFE chief executive David Gallagher said the board had apologised to students, providers and parents and taken steps to avoid it happening again.

Ofqual said NCFE had failed to develop “valid question papers” for its T-level qualifications in healthcare, healthcare science, and science.

A petition to change the results, launched in August 2022, before the papers were regraded, reached 1,200 signatures.

Some who signed said they were students who had sat the exams and were “heartbroken”, calling the situation “unfair” and a “disgrace”.

T-levels were introduced in 2020, as a vocational option for students to take after their GCSEs.

The number of students taking T-levels has increased each year since then and there were 16,085 entrants in the 2023-24 academic year.

Each course lasts two years and is roughly equivalent to three A-levels.

As well as classroom learning, the courses – covering practical, rather than academic, subjects such as construction, agriculture, education and engineering – involve an occupational specialism and a work placement.

Students have to achieve at least a grade E in their core component, a pass in their occupational specialism and meet the industry placement requirements.

As part of the rollout, the Conservative government had been withdrawing funding for other post-16 courses, such as BTecs, which were deemed to “overlap” with the new T-level programmes.

However, issues such as low take-up of T-levels, a lack of awareness of the qualification among employers and overly complex assessments have led to calls for the new Labour government to pause and review that process.

Critics have also pointed to high dropout rates among the T-level cohort who completed their courses last summer.

Figures showed only 66% of T-level students completed their course in 2023.

The A-level retention rate, by comparison, was 95%, while for vocational alternatives such as applied general qualifications, it was 92%.

And some in the further-education sector say the problems with the health and science exams, sat by a large portion of that same T-level cohort in their first year of study, could be partly behind the high dropout rate last year.

An Ofqual investigation into the 2022 exam papers had identified a number of breaches of the rules awarding organisations legally had to follow, the watchdog said.

They included a failure by NCFE to ensure the right processes were followed in developing the assessments, as well as failing to identify risks that could impede their delivery.

Further breaches had been identified during the 2023 summer exam season, Ofqual said.

Ofqual’s notice of its intention to fine sets out how parties might make representations before a final decision is made.

The £300,000 fine was a “significant” penalty, it said.

The watchdog’s largest fine was a £1.2m penalty issued to Pearson in June 2022 over exams held between 2016 and 2019.

All interventions made by the regulatory body are published on the gov.uk website.

Ofqual’s executive director of vocational and technical qualifications, Catherine Large, said the NCFE’s was a “serious case”.

The exam board had been “closely monitored” by Ofqual since and she was pleased it had committed to making “significant improvements”.

Mr Gallagher said NCFE had enhanced its quality-assurance processes and risk-management systems and would be working “collaboratively” with Ofqual in future.